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Could you have low testosterone?

Definition

Testosterone is a hormone made by the testicles. It is important for a man's sex drive, bodily development, and physical appearance.

Certain health conditions, medicines, or injury can lead to low testosterone (low-T). Testosterone levels also naturally drop with age. Low testosterone can affect sex drive, mood, and changes in muscle and fat.

Treatment with testosterone therapy may help reduce symptoms.

How Testosterone Affects Health

Testosterone makes a man look and feel like a man. In a man, this hormone helps:

• Keep bones and muscles strong

• Determine hair growth and where fat is on the body

• Make sperm

• Maintain sex drive and erections

• Make red blood cells

• Boost energy and mood

Causes of Low Testosterone

Beginning around age 30 to 40, testosterone levels may start to slowly decrease. This occurs naturally.

Other causes of low testosterone include:

• Medicine side effects, such as from chemotherapy.

• Testicle injury or cancer.

• Problems with glands in the brain (hypothalamus and pituitary) that control hormone production.

• Low thyroid function.

• Too much body fat (obesity). Ask your health care provider whether you need a test called free testosterone.

• Other disorders, chronic diseases, treatments, or infection.

Symptoms

Some men with low testosterone do not have any symptoms. Others may have:

• Low sex drive

• Problems having an erection

• Low sperm count

• Sleep problems such as insomnia

• Decrease in muscle size and strength

• Bone loss

• Increase in body fat

• Depression

• Trouble concentrating

Some symptoms may be a normal part of aging. For example, it is normal to feel less interested in sex as you get older. But, it is not usually normal to have no interest in sex.

Symptoms may also be caused by other conditions, such as high blood pressure or diabetes. If any of these symptoms are bothering you, talk with your provider.

Treatment Options

Your provider will likely have you get a blood test to check your testosterone level. You will also be checked for other causes of your symptoms. These include medicine side effects, thyroid problems, or depression.

If you have low testosterone, hormone therapy may help. The medicine used is man-made testosterone. This treatment is called testosterone replacement therapy, or TRT. TRT can be given as a pill, gel, patch, injection, or implant.

TRT may relieve or improve symptoms in some men. It may help keep bones and muscles strong. TRT seems to be more effective in young men with very low testosterone levels. TRT can also be helpful for older men.

TRT has risks. These may include:

• Infertility

• Enlarged prostate leading to difficulty urinating

• Blood clots

• Worsening cardiovascular disease

• Sleep problems

• Cholesterol problems

At this time, it is unclear whether TRT increases the risk of prostate cancer or symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, TRT is avoided in men with prostate or breast cancer as it may worsen their condition. There is an increased risk of high blood pressure with TRT.

Talk with your provider about whether TRT is right for you. If you do not notice any change in symptoms after treatment for 3 months, it is less likely that TRT treatment will benefit you.

If you decide to start TRT, be sure to see your provider for regular checkups.

When to Call the Doctor

Contact your provider if:

• You have symptoms of low testosterone

• You have questions or concerns about treatment

References

Matsumoto AM, Anawalt BD. Testicular disorders. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Rosen CJ, Kopp PA, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 15th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 17.

Swerdloff RS, Wang C. The testis and male hypogonadism, infertility, and sexual dysfunction. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 216.

US Food and Drug Administration website. FDA drug safety communication: FDA cautions about using testosterone products for low testosterone due to aging; requires labeling change to inform of possible increased risk of heart attack and stroke with use. www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-cautions-about-using-testosterone-products-low-testosterone-due. Updated February 28, 2025. Accessed May 7, 2025.

Review Date: 4/24/2025

Reviewed By: Sandeep K. Dhaliwal, MD, board-certified in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Springfield, VA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.