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What to expect during pregnancy

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Preparing to go home with your baby

Cribs and crib safety Eat right during pregnancy Preparing your other children

Visits and Tests

Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling Genetic counseling before pregnancy Glucose tolerance test-pregnancy Monitoring your baby before labor Nuchal translucency Prenatal care in your first trimester Prenatal care in your second trimester Prenatal care in your third trimester

Cytologic evaluation

Definition

Cytologic evaluation is the analysis of cells from the body under a microscope. This is done to determine what the cells look like, and how they form and function. Special stains, including antibodies, can be applied to these cells to learn more about changes going on inside them.

The test is usually used to look for cancers and precancerous changes in certain body organs. It may also be used to look for viral infections in cells. The test differs from a biopsy because only cells are examined, not pieces of tissue.

The Pap smear is a common cytologic evaluation that looks at cells from the cervix. Some other examples include:

• Cytology exam of fluid from the membrane around the lungs (pleural fluid)

• Cytology exam of urine

• Cytology exam of saliva mixed with mucus and other matter that is coughed up (sputum)

References

Aster JC, Abbas AK, Kumar V, Debnath J, Das A. Neoplasia. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, eds. Robbins, Cotran & Kumar Pathologic Basis of Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026:chap 7.

Vergani PV. How do pathologists help patient care? In: Cross SS, ed. Underwood's Pathology. 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Limited; 2025:chap 12.

Review Date: 7/3/2025

Reviewed By: Robert Hurd , MD, Professor of Endocrinology and Health Care Ethics, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.